Prevalence of Compassion Fatigue and Its Association with Professional Identity in Junior College Nursing Interns: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The issue of compassion fatigue among clinical nurses has received considerable attention, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the current status of compassion fatigue among junior college nursing interns remains unclear. Additionally, professional identity can modulate the impact of compassion fatigue or burnout on psychological well-being; however, whether professional identity still works in this group is also unclear. This study aimed to reveal the current status of compassion fatigue among nursing interns in junior colleges and also investigate the association between compassion fatigue and professional identity. Methods: This cross-sectional survey evaluated the levels of participants' compassion fatigue (The Compassion Fatigue Short Scale) and professional identity (Professional Identity Scale) in 2256 nursing interns. Results: The mean score of compassion fatigue was 44.99, and 19.5% of the participants scored above The Compassion Fatigue Short Scale median scores for compassion fatigue. A moderate negative correlation was detected between compassion fatigue and professional identity. Conclusions: The level of compassion fatigue among nursing interns is low but nearly one in five nursing students is at risk of compassion fatigue. More attention should be paid to nursing interns with a high risk of compassion fatigue. Future studies are warranted to explore which pathways could mediate the relationship between professional identify and comparison fatigue.

Extreme co-movements between infectious disease events and crude oil futures prices: From extreme value analysis perspective

This paper examines the extreme co-movements between infectious disease events and crude oil futures through extreme value analyses. We contribute to the literature by providing a novel framework of tail risk early warning and considering infectious diseases as a systemic risk factor for crude oil futures. The results provide evidence that: (1) when an extreme event occurs, the tail index of the infectious disease reaches its empirical lower threshold, which is approximately 2.30;(2) when a jump in volatility corresponding to the severeness of the epidemic is observed, the tail index reaches the lower bound, but not reversely;(3) both upside and downside extreme co-movements exist, whereas they are asymmetric;and (4) each tail quotient correlation coefficient keeps rising and reaches a peak before crises and fall sharply with the collapse of crude oil markets. The findings can offer implications for government officials, investors, portfolio managers, and policymakers, respectively.